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Portugal did not initially form part of the system of alliances involved in World War I and thus initially kept its neutrality. However, tensions between Germany and Portugal arose due to German U-boat warfare which sought to blockade the United Kingdom — at the time the most important market for Portuguese products. Clashes also occurred with German troops in the south of Portuguese Angola in 1914 and 1915 (see German campaign in Angola). Initially, both the Portuguese and the German governments officially stuck to neutrality. Unofficially, there were many hostile engagements between the countries. Portugal wanted to comply with British requests and also protect its colonies in Africa, and ultimately tensions resulted in war between Portugal and Germany being declared, first by the latter. Approximately 12,000 Portuguese troops died during the course of World War I, including Africans serving in its armed forces.〔The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0〕〔US War Dept 1924 data listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica〕 Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000: 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish flu.〔Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.Pages 61-64〕 ==1914== * July German and British Empires secretly negotiate about a possible dismemberment of Portuguese Angola;〔The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies in Africa, 1911–14, J. D. Vincent-Smith, The Historical Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 620–629. (JStor link )〕 in such a case most of the land would fall into the hands of the Germans. ''Angola-Bund'' founded in 1912, a German organization promoting the takeover. * August to September Skirmishes occur between German and Portuguese colonial troops in Africa and the Germans instigate tribal revolts. * September The Portuguese government sends reinforcements to the southern border of Angola. After the war breaks out the border between German South West Africa and Angola remains open. The Germans hope to supply food and possibly even arms through it. However the Portuguese colonial government is hostile and tried to stop all of the trade. A few German nationals in Angola are interned. * October 1600 troops arrive in Portuguese Angola and 1527 troops arrive in Mozambique from Portugal, transported by British ships. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Portugal during World War I」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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